E-Research Proposal Hand Book.Pdf

Hand discussion Of M. S / M. Phil & Ph. D look proffer / Synopsis Compiled By Mr. Nasir Shaheen Additional Registrar & Mr. Ijaz Ahmad Coordinator M. Phil / Ph. D political platforms Qurtuba University of Science and schooling Technology, Peshawar. e Left Blank Intention exclusivelyy 4 Preface As a rule, the main comp wholenessnts of a investigate study argon nearly the same in all disciplines by dint ofout the world. Though, various styles of referencing and extension are using upd by the look forers in their interrogation unravel i. e.APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Turabian etc. N whizztheless, every established university develops its protest customized set for its students facilitation in presentation of research devices and theses. This handbook is compiled to facilitate the M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D students of Qurtuba University in exploitation their research objects and to bring an overall uniformity in their research proposals. The format suggested in this ha ndbook is rootisation for all M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. students to develop and submit their proposal for approval of Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR).Further, the students are needed to prepare their research proposal under the supervision of their respective supervisory programs. The purpose of the research proposal / synopsis is to help the scholars to focus and define their research plans. A well developed research proposal needs to allow certain basic components, in which a turn of questions are to be channelressed. why research on the proposed topic should be undertaken and what gains are likely to be achieved? What has been do previously in this or related sweeps? What are the objectives of the study and how these bequeath be achieved? What modeology is to be social occasiond to unravel out the study?An extensive initial exercise should help in designing a heavy(a) research project, which is likely to make a significant contri hardlyion in successfu l completion of M. S / M. Phil and Ph. D. research. 1 1 Preliminary Section 1. 1 human activity knave The title varlet of the research proposal / synopsis should include title of the research project, name of the student (with qualifications), name of the supervisor(s), place of work and particular date (month and year) of submission. The topic for research should be selected carefully. It should be specific and well formulated in position to show the nature of work involved as far as possible (See Sample) . 2 Certificates The succeeding(a) certificates should be attached after title scalawag i Detailed names Sheet (part of the proposal) tierce Approval Certificate (as a part of the proposal / synopsis) 1. 3 (See sample) Table of Contents distinguish the elements of proposal / synopsis and foliateboy bringresss. Use hierarchy of titles and sub titles. 2 2 Body of Research Proposal / Synopsis 2. 1 Introduction It should provide a brief description to introduce the a rea of the proposed research work and provide background avouchation relating to the social / political / historical / pedagogyal / organizational (etc) place setting of the study. . 2 Literature Review A review of the relevant literature showing the work done previously in the area of proposed research is essential to plan further research effectively. The information given(p) in the review should be supported by roots. The function of the literature review is to show your supervisor and the department that you are aware of significant writers / researchers in the field, and to indicate which issues / topics you go out focus on in your review. Literature review is not anticipate to be extensive for the proposal / synopsis.You should a unless critical abstract and your review should be shaped by your argument and should seek to establish your theoretical orientation. 2. 3 Research difficulty / Questions A concise research problem statement that, in one to three sentences, describes specifically what the problem is that you int polish off to solve. It explains what problems or issues you wish to explore and why you wish to explore them. 3 2. 4 Research Objective The global /Global Objective should state the expected contribution of the research to the oecumenical body of knowledge in the subject area.The Specific Objectives should state how specifically the general objectives will be achieved. 2. 5 Hypotheses (Optional) The students whitethorn include hypothesis of the study in their proposal depending on the nature of the research. Hypotheses should be in the form of Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternate Hypothesis (H1). 2. 6 Methodology The Methodology section is very important because it documents how you plan to tackle your research problem. Depending on the nature and the underlying methodological pproach to be adopted for the proposed research work the followings may be documented in this section Research formula and Method Indicate which rese arch design is to be adopted/used (if any) Is the research QUANTITATIVE or QUALITATIVE in nature in terms of the methodology? Discuss and justify your choice of research method Highlight and discuss the relevance of the adopted method to your study Describe how the adopted method will be applied Research Type Is the research Explorative, Descriptive, Causal or a effect study method? Techniques / Tools /Approaches / Instrumentation/Devices Which techniques, tools/instruments, approaches etc will be adopted and used to develop/produce, present/demonstrate the expected firmnesss of the proposed study Highlight and discuss the relevance of these techniques /tools / instruments /approaches to your study. 4 Describe how these techniques/tools/ instruments or approaches will be applied or used Data Collection Methods (if applicable) Clearly indicate as to whether you are spillage to use primary or secondary information Indicate what does primary or secondary data mean (i. e. p rovide a theoretical perspective). Identify the secondary data which you are going to use for your study.Population and Sampling Procedures (if applicable) Identify and document the population or reference for the study. In case of different components of the population, understandably indicate this Discuss the various sampling frames, types and techniques that will be adopted including an indication of the type of statistical data analysis that will be carried out to analyze the results In brief the guiding normal for writing the methodology section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether the methodology is sound. It may well be the longest section of your proposal. . 7 consequence of the test While documenting the import of the research you need to indicate how your research will refine, revise, or extend the frontiers of existing knowledge in the area under investigation. line of business that such refinements, revisions, or ex tensions may have substantive, theoretical, or methodological significance. The documentation of the significance of the study should, among other things, place the following questions What are the specific, significant, unique/major contributions that the proposed research work will make to the area/body of knowledge? What will be the expected results/ take of the proposed research? What will be the practical implications/use of the expected results/outcome? How will the expected results/outcome of the study be implemented, including a statement on its possible impact and on what innovations will come slightly through its implementation (if any)? 5 What areas/directions of further/subsequent research work are likely to arise from the expected outcome/ regulateings or results of the proposed study? What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed research work? . 8 Limitation Document the potential weaknesses or the possible limitations of the expected results/out come of the proposed study and the limitations of the approaches, procedures, methods etc to be adopted to achieve the expected results of the proposed study. Also to be included are statements relating to issues, factors beyond the control of the study. 2. 9 point of references & Bibliography A section listing relevant references on which the research proposal is ground should be included. only references citationd in the text are to be included in the reference list. The tudents of loving Sciences should use APA style for citation eyepatch students of Linguistics and Literature should use MLA Style for citation. The student should add the relevant Bibliography in the run short part after References in alphabetical order. 2. 10 scholarly person pen A comprehensive student profile consisting of bio data, educational qualification and professional background of the student should be the wear part of the proposal. The student profile should be made as per suggested format. s ee sample 6 3 Referencing and mention For Social Sciences All the students of Social Sciences i. . Management Sciences, Political Sciences, International Relations and Education are requisite to use the following style of referencing and citation in their proposals. (The basic concept is taken from APA style of referencing) 3. 1 Handling Quotes in the Text Short quotations (fewer than 40 haggle) are incorporated into the text and rolld by double quotation marks ( ). Long quotations (more than 40 explicates) are typed in a double-spaced ram with no quotation marks. Indent five spaces and type the entire quotation on the indented margin without the universal opening paragraph indentation.Give citation information in parentheses ( ) after out live sentence in thwart quotation, with no punctuation following parentheses. If you have a quote within a short quote, enclose it in single quotation marks ( ). If you have a quote within a close off quotation, enclose it in double quotation marks ( ). Ellipsis points () are used to indicate genuine omitted from the body of a quotation, but should not be used at the beginning or end of a quotation. 3. 2 In-Text Citation Citations within the text of your paper refer the reader to an alphabetical reference list at the end of the paper.APA format uses the author-date method of citation. The authors last name and the military issue date are inserted at the appropriate point in the text, following the clobber computer addressd. Suffixes such as PhD. or Jr. are not included. whole kit by a single author If the author is mentioned in the paper, provide the year of publication in ( ) just after the name Ex Hacking (1998) covers material on public record to the highest degree chronic fatigue syndrome. If the author is not mentioned in the paper, at the end of the quote or paraphrase use the authors last name and the year, separate by a commaEx The oblige covers material on public record about chronic fatigue syndrome (Hacking, 1998). If both the author and the date are mentioned in the text, a parenthetical reference is not needed. Ex In a 1993 condition, Gould explains Darwins most successful theory. 7 For exact quotations, cite specific rogue be following the year. Ex Emily Bronte expressed increasing hostility for the world of forgiving relationships, whether sexual or social (Taylor, 1988, p. 11). For paraphrased passages, page add ups are encouraged, but not required. The year is required. For an online arising with no paginationIf page meter are not provided on an electronic source, use the abbreviation para. to indicate the paragraph location of direct quotes. Ex In exchange for that cooperation, authorities have recommended a sentence of 15 years in prison (Hayes, 2009, para. 4). Works by two authors Provide the last name of both authors. Use the word and to separate the name calling in the sentence, and use an & to separate their names in the parenthetical citation. E x As Sullivan and Thomas (1998) point out Ex The turmoil in the Middle East is the result of politics (Sullivan & Thomas, 1998). Works by more than two authorsUse the last names of all authors in the counterbalance citation. Then, in all following citations, include sole(prenominal) the last name of the world-class author followed by et al. Ex Writing becomes better as the child matures (Britton, Thomas, & Miller, 1996). Ex According to Britton et al. (1996), a child s writing improves over time. Works with no author set When a work has no author identified, cite the first two or three words of the reference list entry followed by the year. The first entry is usually the title. Italicize the title of a periodical or book use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.Ex in the book speech communication Use (1991). Ex article on language use (World languages, 1993). Secondary Sources When a work mentions another, previously published work, acknowledge the original author in your text, but give the source you are using in the reference list. Use the phrase as cited in for your in-text reference. Ex As Villa points out, Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes are so low (as cited in Affleck, Allen, & Della, 1996). Personal Communication (Including letters, e-mail, and interviews) Do not add this information to your reference list. You should cite the information in text only.Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide an exact date Ex L. J. Smith (personal communication, September 20, 2009). Ex (A. N. Jones, personal communication, March 18, 2009). 8 3. 3 Reference careen BOOKS Note In titles of books in the reference list, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns. actors name. (publication date). gloss. City and state of publication Publisher. checks by one author Ex Alvarez, M. (1999). The trip within. brand-new York, NY Random House . In-text citation (Alvarez, 1999). Books by two to even authors Authors names in the order in which they appear. (date). Title of publication. City and state Publisher. Ex Strunk, W. , Jr. , Jones, T. , & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed. ). virgin York, NY Macmillan. In-text citation (Strunk, Jones, & White, 1979). listing the first six authors, then insert three ellipsis points, and add the last Authors name. Books with 8 or more authors Ex Engberg, M. , Dugan, J. P. , Haworth, J. , Williams, T. , Kelly, B. , Johnson, W. , Stewart, S. (2009). Navigating the complexity of higher education in preparation program administration.San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass. First in-text citation (Engberg, Dugan, Haworth, Williams, Kelly, Johnson, Smith, & Stewart, 2009). hoagiesequent in-text citations (Engberg, et al. , 2009). Alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name. Books by a group, (date). Title. City Publisher (When the author and publisher ar e institutional, or the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher). corporate authors Ex Springhouse Corporation. (2002). Assessment made fantastically easy. Springhouse, PA Author. In-text citation (Springhouse Corporation, 2002).For a book with an editor in chief but no author, begin with the name of the editor (or editors) followed by the abbreviation Ed. (or Eds. for more than one editor) in parentheses. Books with Editors Ex Duncan, G. J. , & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds. ). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY Russell rational Foundation. In-text citation (Duncan & Brooks-Gunn, 1997). 9 Ex Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well- being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds. ), The science of subjective social welfare (pp. 17-43). New York, NY Guilford Press. In-text citation (Haybron, 2008).Cite as you normally would, but add information about the editor in parentheses after the book title. A book written by an Ex Plath, Sylvia. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V. Kukil, Ed. ). author but overseen by an New York, NY Anchor. editor For a book with a chapter written by an author but edited by another person In-text citation (Plath, 2000). 3. 4 Reference List ARTICLES Authors name. (date). Title of chapter or entry. In Editors (Eds. ), Title of reference book. (Vol. , pp. ). Location Publisher. cheaticle or entry in a reference book Ex Field, T. (2002). Child abuse and neglect. In A. Kazdin (Ed. , encyclopaedia of psychology. (Vol. 2, pp. 61-65). Washington, D. C. Oxford. In-text citation (Field, 2002). Ex Schizophrenia. (1983). In A. Kazdin (Ed. ), The encyclopaedia of psychology. (Vol. 10, p. 104). New York, NY Wiley. In-text citation (Schizophrenia, 1983). Scholarly journals are often published by volume, and page numbers may continue passim the year instead of beginning each issue with page 1. After the italicized title of the journal, give the volume number (also italicized, but do not use Vol. ) followed by the page numbers at the end of the citation (do not use pp. ) phrases in scholarly Author(s). (date).Title of article. Title of Periodical or Journal, volume journals and periodicals , page s. paginated by volume Ex Spitch, M. L. , Verzy, H. N. , & Wilkie, D. M. (1993). Subjective shortening A model of pigeon s memory for event duration. Journal of Experimental psychology Animal Behavior Processes, 9, 14-66. Articles in journals paginated by issues In-text citation (Spitch, Verzy, & Wilkie, 1993). When each issue of a journal begins with page 1, include the issue number in paranthesesAuthor. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue ), page s. Ex Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 0 intelligence service magazines are usually published weekly or monthly. Note the month (and date, if given), along with the year. Remember to include volume and issue numbers if available. Articles in magazines (7. 01. 7) Articles in newspape rs (7. 01. 7) Ex Cortese, A. (1998, January 26). Theres more than one way to play monopoly. Business Week, 3562(1), 36. In-text citation (Cortese, 1998). Begin with the name of the author, if one is given, followed by the year, month, and day of publication. Page numbers are introduced with p. (or pp. for multiple pages). Ex Haney, D. Q. (1998, February 20). Finding eats at mystery of appetite.The Oregonian, pp. A1, A17. In-text citation (Haney, 1998). 3. 5 Reference List ELECTRONIC SOURCES (Including Web sites, electronic books, Pro Quest, EBSCO host and other library databases) If you cannot find close to of this information for your reference, cite what is available. Note The updated guidelines for electronic sources state that the digital object identifier number (DOI) mustiness be included if one is depute. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent affiliate to its location on the internet (Americ an Psychological Association, 2010, 189).Note If a DOI is available, use it at the end of a citation. If it is not available, use the URL of the web site from which the information was retrieved. Note Retrieval dates are only necessary if the information will prove difficult to find again due to revision (ex. Wikis). Note Titles of documents or articles are not in italics and only the first word is capitalized. Titles of journals and other periodicals are to be written in italics and all major words are capitalized. Titles of web sites are capitalized but not in italics. 11 Author(s). (Date of worldation). Title of document. Retrieved from electronic addressEx Shiltz, T. (2002). Strategies for prevention and early intervention of male eating disorders. Retrieved from http//nationaleatingdisorders. org/p. asp viper? WebPage_ID=286&Profile_ID= 41172 Web site (Not a periodical article) Articles from an online journal Articles from an online magazine U. S. presidency report from a gov ernment agency Web site An online video In text citation (Shiltz, 2002). Ex Butler, Heidi. (2009, November 19). Pennsylvania prof of the year. Retrieved from http//www. northampton. edu/Northampton- NOW/What-anHonor. htm In text citation When referring to a specific piece of nformation, include paragraph numbers in the reference. Use para. sample (Butler, 2003, paras. 2-3). Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), pages if available. Retrieved from electronic address Ex Royce, W. S. , Gebelt, J. L. , & Duff, R. W. (2003). Female athletes Being both athletic and feminine. Athletic Insight, 5(1), 5662. Retrieved from http//www. athleticinsight. com/VOL5Iss1/FeminineAthl etes. htm In text citation (Royce, Gebelt, & Duff, 2003). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume Number (if given) (Issue Number), page(s).Retrieved from electronic address. Ex Rauch, J. (2002, May). The marrying kind. The Atlantic Online, 289(5). Retrieved from http//www. theatlantic. com/issues/2002/05/rauch. htm In text citation (Rauch, 2002). Ex chest of drawers of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. (2002). ATF accountability report, 2001. Retrieved from http//www. atf. gov/pub/gen_pub/2001annrpt/fy2001an nrpt. pdf In text citation First citation (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms ATF, 2002). Second and subsequent citations (ATF, 2002). Ex Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch Video file. Retreived from 2 http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vja83KLQXZs A blog post In-text citation (Norton, 2006). Ex Grohol, J. M. (2009, November 17). The psychology of terrorism Web log message. Retrieved from http//psychcentral. com/blog/ memorial/2009/11/17/thepsychology-of-terrorism/ In-text citation (Grohol, 2009). Author(s). (Year of publication). Title information about format or version if available. doi or website that document was retrieved from. Online Book (E-Book) Ex Thompson, Art. (1997). The stompbox. Retrieved from http//www. netlibrary. com/ In text citation (Thompson, 1997). Ex Schinraldi, G. R. (2001).The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook A guide to healing, recovery, and growth Adobe Digital interpretations version. doi 10. 1036/0071393722 In text citation (Schinraldi, 2001). 3. 6 Reference List MEDIA Single episode from television series Video Ex Astrof, J. & Ottesen, P. (Writers), & Burrows, J. (Director). (1994). The one with the blackout Television series episode. In K. Bright, M. Kauffman, & D. Crane (Executive producers), Friends. Burbank, CA Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. In-text citation (Astrof, Ottesen, & Burrows, 1994). Ex Thomas, J. & McLaren, M. (Producers), & Linklater, R. (Director). (2006).Fast Food Nation DVD. Beverly Hills, CA Twentieth carbon Fox Home Entertainment. In-text citation (Thomas, McLaren, & Linklater, 2006). 13 3. 7 Reference List GENERAL REFERENCE DATABASES divert note The name of the databa se used and the date the article was retrieved is no longer needed. Including Britannica Online, Credo Reference, and Gale Virtual Reference Library Child care. (2001). In World of Sociology, Gale. Retrieved from http//www. credoreference. com In text citation (Child care, 2001). Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Parent-child relationships. In B. Strickland (Ed. ), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology (2nd ed. pp. 473477). Retrieved from http//go. galegroup. com In text citation (Steinberg, 2001) 3. 8 Reference List GENERAL SUBJECT DATABASES General reference format Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi xx. xxxxxxxxxx Please note If there is not a digital object identification number (DOI), include the home page of the database in the reference. Use this format Retrieved from http//www Including Pro Quest Central and EBSCOhost Examples (without DOI) Edmondson, J. (2002). The will of the people. The Reading Teacher, 55 (5), 452-454.Retrieved from http//proquest. umi. com In text citation (Edmondson, 2002). Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , & Porterfield, K. (2003, Summer). Managing traumatic stress in children anticipating parental death. Psychiatry, 66(2), 168. Retrieved from http//proquest. umi. com In text citation First citation (Saldinger, Cain, & Porterfield, 2003). Subsequent citations (Saldinger et al. , 2003). Example (with DOI) Fox, K. , Gover, A. , & Kaukinen, C. (2009). The effects of low self-control and childhood maltreatment on stalking victimization among men and women. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3/4), 181-197. doi10. 007/s12103009-9064-4 In text citation (Fox, Gover & Kaukinen, 2009 14 3. 9 Reference List CURRENT/CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES DATABASES CQ Researcher Clemmitt, M. (2009, August 28). Health-care reform. CQ Researcher, 19, 693-716. Retrieved from http//library. cqpress. com In-text citation (Clemmitt, 2009) (magazineIssues and Controversies) Child care. (2009, October 2 2). Issues and Controversies on File. Retrieved from http//www. 2facts. com In-text citation (Child care, 2009) Facts on File (magazine straightaways Science) A reverse on reverse revolution? (2009, November). Todays Science. Retrieved from http//www. 2facts. comIn-text citation (A reverse on reverse revolution? , 2009) (World News compiling) Swine flu U. S. begins vaccinations. (2009, October 15). Facts on File World News Digest. Retrieved from http//www. 2facts. com In-text citation (Swine flu, 2009) Horrigan, J. B. (2003). The Internet fosters online communities. In J. D. Torr (Ed. ), accredited Controversies The development Age (n. p. ). San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http//find. galegroup. com In-text citation (Horrigan, 2003) Opposing Viewpoints ACLU urges Senate committee. (1999). In T. O Neill (Ed. ), Opposing Viewpoints Digests Series biomedical Ethics (n. . ). San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press. Retrieved from http//find. galegroup. com In-text citation (AC LU urges Senate committee, 1999). Epstein, E. (2005, March 23). Left and right united to challenge Patriot chip provisions. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A3. Retrieved from http//find. galegroup. com In-text citation (Epstein, 2005) 15 3. 10 Reference List SUBJECT-SPECIFIC DATABASES Access Science Ex Stack, S. M. & Anderson, L. K. Chromosome. doi10. 1036/1097-8542. 134900 In text citation (Stack & Anderson, 2000). The African American Experience Ex Loucky, J. , Armstrong, J. , & Estrada, L. J. (2006). Asylum.In Immigration in America today An encyclopedia (n. p. ). Westport, CT Greenwood Press. Retrieved from http//aae. greenwood. com In text citation (Loucky, Armstrong, & Estrada, 2006). Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of report (Accession No. xx). Location Publisher. Retrieved from http//search. ebscohost. com Ex Unruh, D. , Bullis, M. , Todis, B. , Waintrup, M. , Atkins, T. , & National Center on Secondary Education and Transition. (2007). Programs and practices for specia l education students in alternative education settings (Accession No. ED495869). Research to Practice Brief 6(1). National Center on SecondaryEducation and Transition (NCSET), University of Minnesota. Retrieved from http//search. ebscohost. com ERIC First in text citation (Unruh, Bullis, Todis, Waintrup, Atkins, & National Center on Secondary Education and Transittion, 2001). Subsequent citations (Unruh et al. , 2001). Ex Dunlap, G. , & Bunton-Pierce, M. (1999). Autism and Autism Spectrum perturbation (ASD) (Accession No. Washington, D. C. Office of ED436068). Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (ED). Retrieved from http//search. ebscohost. com In text citation (Dunlap & Bunton-Pierce, 1999). 16 History Databases US Ex OBrien, P. (2000).Viewpoint Yes, internment of Japanese Americans was necessary for national security because some of them were suspected of disloyalty (Document No. BT2306200089). In R. J. Allison (Ed. ), History in dispute Vol. 3. American social and pol itical movements, 1900-1945. Farmington Hills, MI Gale. Retrieved from http//galenet. galegroup. com In-text citation (OBrien, 2000). Hoovers Online Ex Murray, B. (n. d. ). Just Born Inc. Retrieved from http//premium. hoovers. com In-text citation (Murray, n. d. ). CINAHL Ex Frame, K. (2003). Empowering preadolescents with ADHD Demons or delights (Accession No. 2003096143).Advances in Nursing Science 26(2), 131-139. Retrieved from search. ebscohost. com In-text citation (Frame, 2003). PsycArticles Ex Alderfer, C. P. (2003). The science and nonscience of Psychologists responses to The Bell Curve. Professional Psychology Research and Practice 34(3). 287-293. doi10. 1037/0735-7028. 34. 3. 287 In-text citation (Alderfer, 2003). PubMed Central Ex Weiss, M. , & Murray, C. (2003). Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(6). 715-722. Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov In-text citation (Weiss & Murra y, 2003).Westlaw Campus Ex Lobel, J. (2002). The war on terrorism and gracious liberties. University of Pittsburgh Law Review. Retrieved from http//campus. westlaw. com In-text citation (Lobel, 2002). 17 4 Referencing and Citation For Literature and Linguistics Reference citation in the text should be as follows. The citation should be as brief as possible while directing the reader to the correct reference. to a greater extent than one author with same name Add the first initial (or full first name if initial is the same) (A. Patterson 183 L. Patterson 230) Two or three authors Give all author names (Rabking, Greenberg, and Olander vii) 4. 1Single author Simply use Name followed by any relevant page number (Marcuse 197) In text Tannen has argued this point (17885) More than three authors Follow the bibliographic entry (Lauter et al. 2425) or all last names if given Books A Book by a Single Author Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future Consequences of the Biotechnology Revol ution. New York Farrar, 2002. An Anthology or a Compilation Lopate, Phillip, ed. The Art of the Personal Essay An Anthology from the untainted Era to the Present. New York Anchor-Doubleday, 1994. Spafford, Peter, comp. and ed. Interference The Story of Czechoslovakia in the Words of Its Writers.Cheltenham New Clarion, 1992. Two or More Books by the Same Author (Use three hyphens followed by period and then title, or comma and ed. if necessary) Borroff, Marie. style and the Past Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. Chicago U of Chicago P, 1979. , trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York Norton, 1967. , ed. Wallace Stevens A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs Prentice, 1963. 18 A Book by Two or More Authors Eggins, Suzanne, and Diana Slade. Analysing day-to-day Conversation. London Cassell, 1997. If there are more than three authors, you may name only the first and add et al. and others), or you may give all names in full in the order in which they ap pear on the title page. Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley U of California P, 1993. Or Gilman, Sander, Helen King, Roy Porter, George Rousseau, and Elaine Showalter. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley U of California P, 1993. Repeat names in full if the same person is part of a different authorship. Do not use three hyphens unless the total authorship is the same A Book by a Corporate Author American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Charles B. Layman. New York Random, 1989.A Work in an Anthology Allende, Isabel. Toads Mouth. Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes Stories from Latin America. Ed Thomas Colchie. New York Plume, 1992. 8388. Often the works in anthologies have been published before. If you wish to inform your reader of the date when a previously published piece other than a scholarly article first appeared, you may follow the title of the piece with the year of original publication and a period. Franklin, Benjamin. exile to America. 1782. The Faber Book of America. Ed. Christopher Ricks and William L. Vance. Boston Faber, 1992. 2426.An Article in a Reference Book Noon. The Oxford slope Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. Mohanty, Jitendra M. Indian Philosophy. The New Encyclopedia Britannica Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword or an Afterword Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected Poems, 19231967. By Borges. Ed. Norman Thomas Di Giovanni. New York Delta-Dell, 1973. xvxvi. If the introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title, enclosed in 19 quotation marks, immediately before the name of the part. Brodsky, Joseph. Poetry as a Form of Resistance to Reality. Foreword. winter Dialogue .By Tomas Venclova. Trans. Diana Senechal. Evanston HydraNorthwestern UP, 1997. vii xviii. An Anonymous Book Encyclopedia of Virginia. New York slightlyrset, 1993. A Translation Beowulf. Trans. E. Talbot Donaldson. Ed. Nicholas H owe. New York Norton, 2001. Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings. Trans. Mark Atherton. New York Penguin, 2001. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition Bondanella, Peter. Italian Cinema From Neorealism to the Present. 3rd ed. New York Continuum, 2001. A Multivolume Work Blanco, Richard L. , ed. The American Revolution, 17751783 An Encyclopedia. 2 vols. Hamden Garland, 1993.Crane, Stephen. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane. Ed. Fredson Bowers. 10 vols. Charlottesville UP of Virginia, 196976. If you are using one volume of a multivolume work state the number of the volume Lawrence, D. H. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Ed. James T. Boulton. Vol. 8. New York Cambridge UP, 2000. A Book in a Series Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. Trans. hole Schmitt. Latin Amer. Lit. and Culture 7. Berkeley U of California P, 1991. A Republished Book Atwood, Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. New York Knopf-Random, 2001. A Book with Multiple Publishers Wells, H. G. The Time Machine. 895. London Dent Rutland Tuttle, 1992. A governing Publication spacious Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food. Dept. of the Environment, Transport, and the Regions. Our Countryside, the Future A Fair Deal for Rural England. London HMSO, 2000. New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First Century. The Adirondack common in the Twenty-First-Century. Albany State of New York, 1990. 20 Poore, Benjamin Perley, comp. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, September 5, 1774March 4, 1881. US 48th Cong. , 2nd sess. Misc. Doc. 67. Washington GPO, 1885.The Published Proceedings of a Conference Hualde, Jose Ignacio. Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish Borrowings in Basque. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual get together of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 1215, 1999 General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Ed. Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef R uppenhofer. Berkeley Berkeley Linguistics Soc. , 2000. 34858. Freed, Barbara F. , ed. Foreign Language Acquisition Research and the Classroom. Proc. of Consortium for Lang. Teaching and Learning Conf. , Oct. 1989, U of Pennsylvania. Lexington Heath, 1991. An Unpublished DissertationBoyle, Anthony T. The Epistemological Evolution of renascence Utopian Literature, 1516 1657. Diss. New York U, 1983. A Published Dissertation Dietze, Rudolf F. Ralph Ellison The Genesis of an Artist. Diss. U Erlangen-Nurnberg, 1982. Erlanger Beitrage zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 70. Nurnberg Carl, 1982. 4. 2 Journals and Newspapers An Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination Hanks, Patrick. Do Word Meanings Exist? Computers and the Humanities 34 (2000) 20515. Mann, Susan. Myths of Asian Womanhood. Journal of Asian Studies 59 (2000) 83562. An Article in a Journal that pages each issue separatelyAlbada, Kelly F. The Public and Private Dialogue about the American Family on Television. Journa l of Communication 50. 4 (2000) 79110. Some journals do not use volume numbers at all, numbering issues only. Treat the issue numbers of such journals as you would volume numbers. 21 An Article in a Newspaper Jeromack, Paul. This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor. New York Times 13 July 2002, late ed. B7+. Abbreviate months as follows Jan. , Feb. , Mar. , Apr. , May, June, July, Aug. , Sept. , Oct. , Nov. , Dec. An Article in a Magazine Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. Exploding Myths. New Republic 6 June 1998 1719.An Anonymous Article enigmatical Venture. Time 3 Jan. 1994 6465. A Special Issue Perret, Delphine, and Marie-Denise Shelton, eds. Maryse Conde. Spec. issue of Callaloo 18. 3 (1995) 535711. Somin, Ilya. Do Politicians luxuriate? State Autonomy. Spec. issue of Critical Review 14. 23 (2000) 14755. A Legal Source New York Times Co. v. Tasini. No. 00-201. Supreme Ct. of the US. 25 June 2001. 4. 3 Electronic Publications Basic Entry Document from Internet Site Zeki , Semir. Artistic Creativity and the Brain. Science 6 July 2001 5152. Science Magazine. 2002. Amer. Assn. For the Advancement of Science. 24 Sept. 2002 . completed Internet SiteElectronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 2002. Alderman Lib. , U of Virginia. 19 June 2002 . Online Books Nagata, Linda. Goddesses. 2000. Scifi. com. 4 Oct. 2002 . Keats, John. Ode on a Grecian Urn. Poetical Works. 1884. Bartleby. com Great Books Online. Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. 2002. 5 May 2002 . United States. Dept. of Justice. Office of novel Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. By Howard N. Snyder. Dec. 2001. 29 June 2002 . 22 Online Periodicals Butler, Darrell L. , and Martin Sellbom. Barriers to Adopting Technology for Teaching and Learning. Educause Quarterly 25. 2 (2002) 2228. Educause. Aug. 2002 . Publications on CD-ROM, floppy disk or Magnetic Tape It is important to state the publication medium as different formats may be different. Braunmuller, A. R. , ed. M acbeth. By William Shakespeare. CD-ROM. New York Voyager, 1994. E-mail Communication Harner, James L. E-mail to the author. 20 Aug. 2002. 23 5 Formatting and Presentation 5. 1 Page Size and Quality AA4 (A4-Fine paper) should be used for submission of proposal / synopsis. Minimum paper weight should be 80 grams. 5. 2 Page Setup / Margins At least 1? -1? inches (3. 17-3. 81cm) on the right-hand side, 3/4 1 inch (2 2. 54cm) at the bottom of the page, and about ? 0. 75 inches (1. 27 1. 90cm) at the outer edge. 5. 3 Page Numbering The best position for the page number is at top-centre or top right ? inch (1. 27 cm) below the edge. Pages containing figures and illustration should be suitable paginated. 5. 4 Font New Times Roman font should be used throughout the proposal / synopsis. 5. 5 Font Size Title Page 22 (Bold) Chapter Titles 16 (Bold) Headings 14 (Bold) Sub Headings 12 (Bold) Text 12 Footnotes / End notes 10 Footnotes be given on the same page where reference is quoted 5. 6 Par agraph Setting Line spacing should be 1. 5 and all the paragraph should be justified (Ctrl + J).No tab is required at the starting of a new paragraph. Use one line space between paragraphs for differentiation. 5. 7 Number of Copies The students are required to submit 20 to 25 copies (as per coordinators directive) other than the master copy, to be presented to Board of Advanced Studies and Research (BOASAR). 5. 8 Binding Only one master copy should be in tape binding with plastic cover and no need of binding for the rest of copies. 5. 9 Submission of Soft Copy of Proposal The students are required to send a PDF copy of their research proposal to the program coordinator on the following e-mail address emailprotected edu. pk 25 Research Proposal The Role of Contingency Employees in Organizational Performance (A sideslip Study of Islamia College, Peshawar) By Nisar Muhammad M. S Management Sciences Student I. D 4818 executive program Dr. . Department of Management Sciences _________ _______________________________________________________ Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar. 26 Recommendation Sheet Certified that the research proposal of Mr / Ms. Your Official Name, Student I. D 0000, with the title Research Title Bold,14pt, Title Case has been reviewed and recommended to be presented toBoard of Advance Studies and Research (BOASAR) for final review and approval. ______________________ Supervisor Dr 27 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Literature Review.. 3 3. Research Problem / Question.. .. 3 4. Research Objective 4 5. Hypothesis (Optional).. . 4 6. Methodology.. 4 7. Significance of the study 5 8. Scope and Limitations.. 6 9. References. 6 28 The Role of Contingency Employees in OrganizationalPerformance (A Case Study of Islamia College Peshawar) By Nisar Muhammad 1. Introduction The proposal should start with proper headings and sub-headings as per suggested standard format. 29 Student Profile Paste a passport size e-phot o here Name ____________________________ s/o _________________________________ Program _________________________ ID ____________________ Cell No _______________________ Land Line No ___________________________ Email ____________________________________ Educational Qualification (Starting From the highest floor) Certificate / Degree Year Division / GradeBoard / University Professional Experience S. No Organization Designation From To 1 2 3 4 Personal Statement (a short paragraph about yourself)____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ (Signature of the student)