LAW FOR BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LAW FOR BUSINESS - Essay Example An example is if you negligently cause someone to break his or her leg and can't work for two weeks, the economic loss he/she suffers as a result of being unable to work as usual is consequential economic loss. Similarly, if someone negligently breaks your car, and he or she needs the car to go to work and it takes him or her two weeks to get a replacement car, the economic loss he or she suffers is consequently economic loss. According to www.gillhams.com, (2010) The importance of determining the differences that exist between pure economic loss and other forms of loss that are consequential to injury to the person, physical loss or to the property is that the pure economic loss is usually not recoverable in law as damages or otherwise. Pure economic loss can commonly be categorized as loss of some other form of pecuniary gain, wasted expenditure, profitability or loss of profit. When pure economic loss is negligently caused to a party to a contractual right or contract are made les s valuable by the acts or omissions of a defendant, both instances that is where the terms of the contract have not been breached or violated, cannot give rise to a good cause of action and action to be taken. There is a class arising from a certain class of torts and often referred to as economic torts that allows the recovery of economic interests by the parties involved. However, these economic torts do not allow recovery of pure economic loss, as liability stems from the root of harm to some interest that can be protected in the hands of the claimant, such as harm to a business, procuring a breach of contractual rights, or some other actionable wrong. According to V. Charlotte (2006), it is notable that for the loss to be consequential economic loss, the injury or the property damage has to be to you, not someone else. Lets say A negligently crashes his car into the car of B. B is then rendered unable to work for two weeks. This means that he gets to loses his income for two wee ks. Because B was a good employee, his employer, C, also loses income. B's economic loss is consequential. C's is pure economic loss, because the personal injury was to B, not to him. This example therefore shows the difference. The floodgates argument is the most common one. It would mean that single events could lead to any numbers of claims. It is argued that because the amounts of pure economic loss claims and the class of people claiming for pure economic loss are so uncertain and so indeterminate, it would make it very difficult and very expensive for people to insure against these claims (www.gillhams.com, 2010),. S. Anthony, (2009) Economic loss is not always is not always irrecoverable in the tort of negligence, but it requires a claimant to prove the exceptional circumstances necessary in order to establish that a defendant owed him a duty of not to cause such damage. This long standing, reluctance to recognize a duty of care to prevent an economic loss has been largely ba sed on what is referred to as Floodgates argument. The concern is that it would widen the potential scale of liability in tort to an indeterminable extent. In Murphy v Brentwood, there were two main reasons for the decision in the case. Firstly, it was considered established law that in tort the manufacturer of chattel owned no duty in respect of defects that did not cause personal injury or damage to other property. The second main

Lost civilization ( the fall of Rome ) Research Paper

Lost civilization ( the fall of Rome ) - Research Paper Example Its cultural influence spread across the whole of its empire to such an extent that most of the peoples came to adhere to it. The Roman state and empire was essentially built through military might and it relied heavily on the latter for its survival. Most of the high-ranking officers in the military often came from the aristocracy of Rome and these continued the tradition of joining and championing the military to such an extent that they became the dominant element within it. The military ability of the Roman state cannot be underestimated because it helped in the conquest of new lands for Rome and ensured that the state remained stable (Mitrovici 618). Furthermore, it was responsible for the construction of a road network spanning the entire empire that made communication and trade within it to flourish; essentially ensuring that the empire became a melting pot of all the peoples within it. The Roman Empire amassed great wealth through its control of the trade routes within it as well as those leading into Asia and the rest of Europe since it occupied a central position among these routes. In this way, it was able to finance its massive government, despite all the corruption that went on in its political arena. However, with its swift expansion, the empire also came to include many different peoples as its subjects as its cultural dominance spread to them and they submitted to Roman rule. These peoples brought great diversity into the Roman state and this was to such an extent that many of them came to attain high positions within its government as well as in its merchant class. The Roman Empire was the bringer of peace in all of the territories over which it ruled and this ensured that a lot of wealth flowed into the city without any form of interruptions to its trade ("The Fall of Rome"). The result was that the Roman ruling class in later centuries became relaxed an d instead of concentrating their efforts to retaining the military might of their

Description of the experiments Essay Example for Free

Description of the experiments Essay The results from the graph show that the 8 node depicted an increasing rate for both the mesh density ant the stress at A. The increase was not proportional as the more the mesh density the more the mesh density became flatter. The 4 node on the other hand started at a lower point (stress at A) than the 8 node. Still it experienced the increasing but at a decreasing characteristic. There was the possibility of the stress and mesh density converging for both the 4 and 8 node though they do not. Generally, there was a positive relationship between the stress and the mesh density whereby both nods exhibited the same characteristics (increase in stress led to a more proportionate increase in the mesh density) From experiment 2: From the graph, it can be seen that 4 node graph starts at a high point and starts to decrease meaning that longitudinal stress at C reduces with increase in the mesh density though not proportionally. This will continue up to a certain point when it stops decreasing and remains constant with increase in mesh density (on the negative side of the longitudinal stress). 8 node on the other hand starts at a lower point in fact negatively then increases meaning that increase in longitudinal stress a C was followed by an increase in the mesh density though less proportionately. This continues for a while until it reaches a point where increase in mesh density had not effect on the longitudinal stress at C. It still maintained the negative side. Both the 8 and 4 node crosses each other at a point where they both increase and decrease at a decreasing rate, respectively. This showed the exact point. From experiment 3: The 4 node tends to increase at a decreasing rate. When mesh density increases, the longitudinal deflection increases less proportionately. On the other hand, the 8 node increase rapidly and reaches a point where it remains constant. The mesh density continues to increase while the longitudinal increases with the increase in the mesh density but reaches a point where it remains constant. From experiment 4:   The 8 node, the percentage error was decreasing with the increase in the mesh density. The decrease is less proportionally as it tends to approach the x axis. On the other hand, the 4 node mesh density increases with a corresponding increase in the percentage error. This increase in the percentage error increases at a decreasing rate until it reaches a point where increase in mesh density led to the decrease of the percentage error. Initially, it has been shown that both the 8 and the 4 nodes appeared to diverged from some common point though it was not the same point. This showed that initially, both the percentage error and the mesh density exhibited almost the same value. From experiment 5: For the 4 node, there was a negative slope exhibited where by increase in mesh density was followed by a proportionate decrease in the percentage error. On the other hand, the 8 node also showed the decreasing level but at a decreasing rate. Increase in mesh density was accompanied by a decrease in the percentage error though less proportionately. Percentage error appeared to approach the X axis with the increase in the mesh density. From experiment 6: The calculation was trying to compare the concentration factor for the finest finite element mesh. The ANSYS value was compared with the theoretical value both calculated in the results.. The result showed that there was a difference with a small margin of 0.005, thus proving the fact that the analysis was very exact. From experiment 7: This experiment showed the same shape graph depicting an inverse solution for the stress against the nodes 4 and 8. They showed a decreasing graph the first phase showing steep gradient as it reduces when stress reduces with the increase in the node. Both the 8 and the 4 node showed almost the same results with small differences in their values though had the same shape of the graph. Reference Giuseppe, P. 2007. â€Å"The finite-element method, part I:R.L. courant: Historical corner†

Education Systems In Australia, Singapore And The Uae

Education Systems In Australia, Singapore And The Uae The primary goal of this project is not just to study, analyze and assess the currently prevalent systems of education being followed in Australia, Singapore and the UAE but also to be able to draw a comparative analysis citing the advantages and drawbacks of these in comparison to each other. For this purpose, it is important for us to understand what an education system of a country means and how they can vary with respect to each other. Education is defined as an act that is responsible for having a positive developing impact on the person indulging in it, not just on the mind, but the character as well as the physical and mental abilities of the individual. Education is a means through which the society in general is responsible for the transmission of all the collective knowledge set along with certain values and the acquired skill that has been accumulated over the generations. This makes education a sequential continuous process and therefore, different countries and societies and establishments employ different techniques as deemed correct and necessary by them to transmit this knowledge. Education system in Australia In Australia, education is considered by the system as the responsibility of the respective states or the territories as appropriate. The state governments are held responsible for being able to provide the funds for education as well as regulate and monitor public and private schools. The federal government, on the other hand, is engaged in funding the universities, which however set their own curriculum. In Australia, like in a lot of other places around the world, a three-tier based system or model is followed which comprises a compulsory primary education for all in primary schools, which is then followed up by a secondary education in secondary/high schools. The final tier in this system in the tertiary education in federal government managed universities or TAFE colleges across the country. The Australian system of education has been ranked at 6th for their Reading on a worldwide scale, on 8th for their Sciences and on 13th for their Mathematics also on worldwide scales by the Programme for International Studnt Assessment in the year 2006. Also, Australia has been listed as 0.993, being among the leading in that scales, in the Education Index that as published by the UN in 2008. They are tied at the first position for Education Index with other countries like Denmark, Finland and New Zealand. Education in Australia is mandatory till a specified age, which may vary between states which have complete jurisdiction over the education in their respective states. However, this age varies between 15-17 years in general, which means that education up to the secondary level is compulsory for all. Besides monitoring and regulating the activities of a school in a state by the state government, each state also has a Vocational Education and Training(VET) or otherwise a Technical and Further Education system(TAFE). The main objective and function of VET is to be able to prepare people for work in a career that may not necessarily need a university degree to be attained. It is the responsibility of each state in Australia to manage and coordinate their own system for VET and the training and education of individuals and prepare them for their work, and state representatives meet on a national level to synchronize and coordinate their efforts and unify them in a common direction towards the education of these individuals for specified tasks. Also, the national meet ensures that VET continues to be acknowledged between different states and remain applicable and valid even if a personal travels from one state to another. A VET course done in on particular state is applicable in all t he other states within the Australian domain. Typically, the course of VET takes around two years of study. The universities in all the states are funded by the central or the national government. However, each of these universities is entitled to set their own course curriculum and the government has no jurisdiction over this matter. However, for a course to run in a university set by its governance, the course must be endorsed by some professional body. A course in one of the universities in Australia takes a time period of roughly three to four years at the minimum. In the work place and the offices as well as other places of employment, the employers take into account only the courses endorsed by some professional body to employ new staff for the purpose of training or employment. The training received as one of the ongoing work places of a company, if provided in some form of documentation, adds to the advantage of the student and counts into the overall qualification of a student pursuing a course. Education system in Singapore the entire system of education in Singapore is coordinated, and managed by the Ministry of Education, or the MOE, which has the responsibility of controlling the proper governance, development and management of the state schools, which receive funding from the central government. The government also has a role in advising and supervising the activities of private schools. There are set principles to determine the role of the government in the curriculum and the autonomy the schools have, along with the nature and kind of aids that the government provides and the admission policy to the various private and public schools. There are SPEDs or schools with special education for children with disabilities and the funds for these come in parts from Voluntary Welfare Organizations as well as the MOE and the national budget, of which about 20% is contributed to these schools. In Singapore, education is compulsory till the age of primary school level, and it is a criminal offence for parents to not be able to provide their wards with this. English is the primary medium of communication in the education system in Singapore and is even the first language for the children in their preschool age. The education system in Singapore is defined as world-leading and it is one of the very few that were picked out especially for praise by the education minister Michael Gove of the United Kingdom. Singapore also follows a system which is in a manner of speaking a three-tier model but in existence has four fundamental levels. The difference comes in the precollege/pre-university level which is considered an intermediate level between school and college but essentially is an extension of senior school itself. The following tiers are maintained in the learning process of a student right from the beginning: Kindergarten: the first phase in the education cycle is the preschool phase or the kindergarten. This is meant for children from ages groups three to six years, after which they move to the next level of education. Primary school: this is the post kindergarten phase which is further divided into the following: Foundation stage, in which a basic introduction is given to the students about English, their mother tongue or a regional language, Mathematics, History and Civics and sometimes even basic sciences. The next is the orientation stage where more in depth knowledge in English, mathematics and other related courses is given depending on the ability of the student assessed so far in the preschool and the foundation stage. At the end of this, there is a primary school leaving examination (PSLE) conducted on the national level which determines whether a particular student is ready to leave the primary school at this stage. Also, the scores in this examination determine what seat the student gets in the secondary level of education. Secondary education: based on the score achieved in the PSLE, the students get different tracks or streams in the secondary school. The different streams or tracks are: Special, Express, Normal (Academic), or Normal (Technical). At this level, the aim of the education system in Singapore is to make a clear distinction between students belonging to different levels of aptitude. This has its pros as well as cons. The criticism made against this system is that the age of ten to twelve years in a students life is too less to make a comparison of him with his other peers and it may be de-motivational towards the student in not granting him a chance to study and excel with students of higher academic capabilities. Also, the distinction made creates a divide among the students and the general sense of belonging to the same class is lost. The sixth grade, some believe is too early for competitive studies and this kind and degree of competition can often become very difficult for the students to handle. However, the traditionalists believe that it is this system which is in a way helping students of all levels of aptitude cope with the pressure of academics. By putting all the high performers of the exam together and similarly, dividing the class up into separate sections, each having different difficulty levels of academics not only helps the weaker students as they no longer have to compete with the academically brilliant students who are not of the same league, but also the smarter students by putting them in a competitive environment where they get a chance to interact and learn with other students of similar potential. Hence, the Singapore system of education does believe in having students of equal intellect and aptitude studying together, while always emphasizing and encouraging the need for having a competitive environment where every student is aspiring to do well. The grading system followed by most of the schools in Singapore is similar to the one followed at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE examination at the level O. This exam is taken by students after they have completely about four to five years of education at the secondary level, with each student appearing for a minimum of six subjects or courses. The marks obtained in this exam have a corresponding grade attached to them and therefore, and these obtained grades have a meaning attached to them as mentioned below: A1/A2 (Distinction) B3/B4 (Merit) C5/C6 (Credit/Pass) D7 (Sub-Pass/fail, that is, passing at a lower standard in the exam or fail) E8/F9 (Fail) The overall total performance of a student academically is calculated through various different systems of scoring which include the L1R5, the L1R4 and L1B5 systems. For the purpose of evaluation of exams that are of a non-major kind, many schools are known to use the Mean Grade per subject method of evaluation. Schools that have currently been running the Integrated Program have also been known to use the GPA system for the purpose of evaluation, that is, the Grade Point Average method of grading. Extra-curricular and co-curricular activities are mandatory for all students at the secondary level in schools, in which all the students are required to participate in a minimum of one such activity, and this participation and their performance is graded along with other academic achievements through the four years of their education. This system of scoring is known as LEAPS (Leadership, Enrichment, Achievement, Participation, Service). There are however a few criticisms made of the prevalent education system in Singapore, often by parents of students there, that the education system is too rigid, sometimes even elitist and over-specialized in certain cases. A sharp contrast to the education system in the United States, an often faced criticism is that there is little or no support and encouragement in the system for creative thinking and little emphasis on arts and creative vision. The argument put in response to this has always been that the students of Singapore have always outperformed the others from different parts of the world in international competitions of mathematics as well as the sciences. However, what is argued is that the fact that Singaporean students performing better shows only that they are better prepared and more oriented towards preparing for these particular kinds of examinations than developing skills and the ability of free creative and critical thinking. Education System in UAE With the amelioration that United Arab Emirates has been undergoing over the past few years, one can very well predict the development in the system of education. The administration of the country has not only increased academic opportunities in big cities like Abu Dhabi and Dubai abut also in every remote area constituting the country geography. The country now has mature enough to offer education comprehensively to students ranging from kindergarten and going all the way to university levels. In fact the academics department has also made education free to the citizens of the country. This is the reason that the policies like Emiritization are seen to be successful in UAE. The students are being trained from the early days so that once they are grown-ups they have the capability to beat the best in the world. Moving further into the advancements that the countrys education has seen in the recent past, private education is provided to children of both sexes who pursue higher educati on abroad. Several thousand students in the country have done exceptionally well and have also made the country proud by being amongst the best by this system of the country. If one compares the education system existing in the country in the 1970s when the seven Emirates were formed, there has been a drastic change. With consistent policies of privatisation, UAE has been going great guns. This can be seen in the re-evaluation of the Governments role. There is a special organization in the countrys capital that is looking after this privatisation policy helping the country and its citizens mutually. This body is called the Abu Dhabi Education Council (ADEC). Pioneer institutions like United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Zayed University (ZU) and also Higher Colleges of Technology (HCT) are doing a remarkable job in the context. So, now that the country is seeing so many reforms, one can very well see that the motive behind the same is the country wants its youth to be able to mee t the challenges of the new century. Also, the quality of education given to the individuals is good enough so that once they are graduates; they are capable enough to have jobs in the corporate world. (UAE Education Centre General information, 2010) The country has provided the following breakdown to the education system: Kindergarten: 4 -5 years old Primary: length of programme 6 years old with an age level between 6-12 years old Preparatory: length of programme 3 years old with an age level between 12-15 years old Secondary: length of programme 3 years old with an age level between 15-18 years old In this program, secondary school certificate is awarded Technical Secondary School: length of programme 6 years old with an age level between 12-18 years old In this program technical secondary diploma is awarded The education system of the country has become so strict on the past few years that it has made primary education compulsory for all levels of the society without any discrimination of its citizens. The best part of the system is that the ratio of staff to children has been kept as 1:20 which was much beyond reckoning when the Emirates were formed. This ratio is increased to 1:15 at intermediate and secondary levels of education. Another very significant mark in the development of the education system in the country is the formation of Federation. The weekend schedule of the education system was also revised in the year 2006 with Friday and Saturday being considered to constitute the weekend. Levels of Education Primary and Secondary Education As it has been mentioned, education at this level has been made compulsory in the part of the world. It has four-tiers in this sector. This has been mentioned as follows: 4-5 years old: Kindergarten 6-11 years old: primary Schools 12-14: Preparatory Stage 15-17: Secondary School In order to ensure that the children of this age are well-equipped with Islamic principles and the traditional culture of the place, the teaching staff is also chosen in the basis of Emiritization to an extent which would reach 90% by the end of year 2020. At the moment, the number of pupils attending primary school is of the order of 40%. Many of them offer foreign language courses as well but at the same time maintain the integrity of the place. The Government has allowed admissions to expatriates but on the basis of merit which would also levy fees. As far as the citizens of the country are concerned, they are experiencing the highly liberal policies of ADEC where the organization has taken the responsibility to bear all the fees of model school. Integration with Zayed University has also planned to improve English speaking capability of the masses. There are 30 faculty members from the same to look after English speaking courses in the schools at the primary and secondary levels. (Zayed University announces the five year strategic plan , 2009) IT Education The Ministry of Education in UAE is making its best possible efforts so that the plans and strategies related to the development of educational programs are able to meet international standards. As a part of all the educational strategies made by the company, there is special attention given to the introduction of latest IT resources at every level of education. Being at par with the latest IT services would make the country highly competitive on the global front. The education system is working on providing a computer amongst every ten children at the kindergarten level. The stupendous success of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid IT Education Project (ITEP) has advanced the IT system of education in the country. It has not only installed various labs in the region but it has also provided a highly valuable education resource available at www.itep.ae. ITEP serves about 40 schools in the country so far including about 13,000 students. The success rate of the students is of the order of 97%! Higher Education The most remarkable fact about UAE education is that it has been able to diversify itself in very little time. The Government institutions are available free of charge. Even some internationally accredited private institutions are also available free of charge making it highly easy for the citizens to receive impeccable education. Universities like United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) offers leading research facilities in higher education. There are more than 70 undergraduate degrees and also a substantial number of streams at the graduate level. As the country has now collaborated with many international institutions, the quality and diversity of education has gone up tremendously. Talking about Al Ain, there is more than 280,000 square meters of space available for residential as well as educational purposes. The country is also focussing to a large extent on public-private partnership in education. Top organizations of the fame of Mubadala Development Company and also UAEU have undergone the execution of a 30-yrs concession agreement. This will allow BOOT (Build Own Operate and Transfer) basis development. (build, own, operate, transfer, 2010) Zayed University This University was established with a motive to educate the women citizens of UAE. It has a facility of the worth of 370 million Dhms which encompasses an area as large as 711,000 square metres. There are in all six colleges with different departments and laboratories. The academic division of the university has been mentioned as follows: Arts and Sciences Business Sciences Communication and Media Sciences Education Information Systems The main motive of the University is to infuse bilingual knowledge in both English and Arabic with a proficiency in IT and also a considerable capability of quantitative and research skills. The University has been undergoing tremendous innovations in the past few years. Dubai Internet City (DIC) is an example of this. ZU has also partnered with IBM so as to make an enhancement of its e-business and also communication activities. The University also organized, Women as Global Leaders conference in 2006. This is done to ensure that the students of the University are prepared well enough so that they could make an active participation in the society. Higher Colleges of Technology In order to provide technically a more sound system of education, a system of UAE colleges was devised in the year 1988. It started with only 4 colleges but has 12 colleges for men and 12 for women in cities like Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and Fujairah. The advancement in the number of students has gone from 239 to 15,000 in only about 2 decades. There are a number of examples in this area. As for example, Dubai Mens College provides a cent percent digital atmosphere. Academic assignments, examination mark sheets, the number of classes missed and also the library can now be accessed online in the college. The commercial arm of Higher Colleges of Technology is Applied Research and Training (CERT) has made a number of alliances with multinational firms and many elite organizations which helps in the professional development in the region. CERT is also planning to make a separate CERT City. The idea behind doing the same is to have a fully integrated facility for research, innovation and also e ntrepreneurship. Conclusion of Comparison If one puts it on the developed and the developing scale, Australia and Singapore would certainly lie on the developed side and United Arab Emirates would lie on the developing scale. The reason for the same is that it has been only about 30 years since the formation of the Emirates. As we have seen, most of the development in the country has come from the making of the federation. Such bodies were significant mush before the UAE system of education even started. But as far as the growth in education system is concerned, one would definitely put UAE right on top. The provision of free and compulsory education for the citizens is one of the traits of a country that is developing its education system. But with the rate of growth that UAE has been witnessing over the past few years, in little time, the country would be able to catch up with the likes of Australia and Singapore which are relatively developed. Very soon the results of organization like ITEP and UAEU would certainly see in ternational levels. It is the collaboration with multi-national concerns that by the end of this decade, the country could be of the likes of Singapore and Australia. As far as the International Maths and Science Study is concerned, Singapore was placed at the first place showing the mark that it has made in the mentioned subjects. This is contrast with UAE where the focus has never been specifically on Maths and Science. As the stage of development has begun in the technological era, the country focuses largely on IT than in any other subject. The education system in Singapore is more specialized and rigid than any other country. It has also been seen that the education system in Singapore involves lesser amounts of creativity. As we have seen, there is also a segregation of the more intelligent ones and the lesser ones in the education system of Singapore. The teachers are also allotted in the same order of quality. This is likely to make the intelligent more intelligent but the lesser intelligent ones would not get a chance. This has been criticised especially in the primary and the secondary levels. (A guide to universities in Singapore, 2010) As far as Australia and UAE are concerned, there is a similarity in the fact that both the countries have implemented compulsory education at the primary level. But as far as Australia is concerned, this at times is not called education at the kindergarten level where play-school is highly prominent. Such availability is not very common in UAE. To be more precise, education is considered to be compulsory in Australia between 5 and 15 only. As far as world raking is concerned, the countrys rank of 6th in Reading, 8th in Science and 13th in Mathematics does place Australia behind Singapore in the latter two subjects. If one compares UAE for that matter, it does not even include Maths in its compulsory system of education. Moreover, there is a huge amount of consideration that is given to Arabic and English in order to make bilingual scholars. The conditions as we have seen are contradictory in both Australia and Singapore. Funding and management of the education system is looked after from territory which is different from that we have seen in the case of UAE. There are certain centralized bodies that have the authority to don the particular job. Moving on to the system of free education, as we have seen, UAE is a pioneer in providing free education. The case is not similar when compared to Australia and Singapore. In fact it is highly expensive to study in the two countries. When the same is compared to UAE, for the citizens it is absolutely free. This service continues for even abroad studies. Also, the existence of expatriate-citizen is more pronounced in UAE than in the other countries. Singapore and Australia do not have policies like Emiritization to educate the natives more liberally. There are many expatriates who have been going to Australia particularly for their education. UAE also allows meritorious expatriates to study with fees levied on them but it is not as much pronounced as in Australia and Singapore. The distribution of education is also more segregated in Australia as compared to UAE and Singapore. This is visible in the chart mentioned in the Australian education sector. As far as flexibility in switching subjects is concerned, Singapore in the most liberal of the three countries. This allows the students of Singapore to be able to choose a subject of their liking. Unlike the other two countries, Singapore allows continuously improved standards to target rather than a single target set of the highest standard and expectations. As we have seen, Singapore is also alleged to have educational streaming not giving equal opportunities to all to study. In UAE this is there with respect to natives and expatriates, but in Singapore it is on the basis of talent and intelligence. This should certainly be resurrected in the future so that Singapore can produce larger masses of qualifies professionals. As far as preparation for examination is concerned, Singapore is not considered to be a favourable place. This is because; the country has always ranked in Maths and Science and not in other subjects. This is an indication of rote learning which cant be considered to be optimal in the education system. But the Singapore Ministry of Education takes pride in the fact that it ranks in the Maths and Science streams as the countrys text books are sold as far as in North America. When it comes to Australia, as the level increases from primary to secondary, the countrys education system gets all the more regularized. This is taken care of from the primary level itself in UAE to a considerable extent. (Singapores Education System, 2010) References UAE Education Centre General information. (2010). Retrieved on July 27, 2010 from http://www.uaeinteract.com/education/ Zayed University announces the five year strategic plan. (2010). Retrieved on July 27, 2010 from http://www.ameinfo.com/198293.html Build, own, operate, transfer (BOOT). (2010). Retrieved on July 27, 2010 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/build-own-operate-transfer-BOOT.html A guide to universities in Singapore .(2010). Retrieved on July 27, 2010 http://www.uniguru.com/studyabroad/Singapore/top-best-university/education-system-in-Singapore.html Yes Australia official website .(n.d.) retrieved on July 27, 2010 from http://www.yesaustralia.com/cursoestudo-sistemaensinoing.htm SG Box official website .(n.d.). retrieved on July 27 2010 from http://www.sgbox.com/singaporeeducation.html MOE official website. (n.d.). retrieved on July 27, 2010 from http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/

How Progress Makes Us Sick Essay -- Science Scientific Papers

How Progress Makes Us Sick By now, Im sure nearly everyone has heard of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). If youve watched all news channels like CNN or Fox News over the past month with their alternating images of people hurrying through airports wearing surgical masks and bombs exploding over Baghdad, youd think there were only two news stories worth reporting: the growing body counts created by SARS and the Iraq war. However the attention that has been focused on SARS has startled people rather than educated them about the disease. Lack of information leads to fear. According to J. Michael Bishop in Enemies of Promise: We live in an age of scientific triumph. Science has solved many of natures puzzles and greatly enlarged human knowledge. And the fruits of scientific inquiry have vastly improved human welfare. Yet despite these proud achievements, science today is increasingly mistrusted and under attack. The parade of frightening new maladies continues, each on confirming that our species, for all its cleverness, still lives at the mercy of the microbe. In May fifths issue of Newsweek, Geoffrey Cowley states: Many of the advances that have made our lives more comfortable have also made them more dangerous. Some thirty new diseases have cropped up since the mid-1970scausing tens of millions of deaths. What exactly is SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome? It is a respiratory illness that has recently been reported in Asia, North America, and Europe. SARS begins with a fever greater than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Some others symptoms may include headache, an overall feeling of discomfort, body aches, and sore throat. After two to seven days SARS patients may develop a dry cough and have trouble breathing. S... ...the natural world. In consequence, we are admired but also feared, mistrusted, even despised. We offer hope for the future but also more conflict and ambiguous choice. The price of science seems large, but to reject science is to deny the future. Will there ever be an answer for SARS? Will there ever be a cure? Science is a process and I think that is what most people dont see. In order to make the right decisions, there is a process that scientists have to follow. Sometimes that process takes time. We cant unplug from what we believe, but we can meet somewhere in the middle and work together as a team. Works Cited Bishop, Michael. Enemies of Promise. The Presence of Others. Marilyn Moller. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000, 237-243. Shih, June. A City Masked in Fear and Distrust. U.S. News. May 5, 2003. Cowley, Geoffrey. SARS. Newsweek May 5, 2003.

Progressive Reform and Howe Essay -- essays research papers

Lourdes Vazquez Section 1I Question 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Changing America People face change in many ways. Some embrace it, some run from it, and some don’t even notice it. Change surrounds us every moment of every day; change is constant. Change is one of the words the words that can be used to describe America as it moved into the twentieth century; change was everywhere as the nineteenth century gave way to the roaring twentieth. This change however was radical as the people off this time witnessed a world which they had once known and cherished vanish before their eyes only to be replaced by big business, corrupt politics, and horrid working conditions. In response to all this many citizens decided that they too would make changes. These people were known as progressives and though they differed in what they felt needed to be done to address all the change that surrounded them, they were still a set of people who embraced the idea of not simply making changes, but making them for the better of all versus a select few. As with any story, that of the progressive era, has not one, nor two, nor even three sides but many. Despite the many views manifested by the progressives, the movement itself was one that greatly affected American life and is thus a vital and utile historical concept. The word progress suggests moving forward or making improvements, thus it can be said that the progressive movement was just that, an effort to move onward; onward to reform and away from the detrimental effects that industrialization had brought upon the nation. Political machines were running cities, big business was controlling everything, and the working conditions people had to endure to scratch out a living were atrocious. America was filled with ideas and concepts its people had never seen before. Small businesses were crushed by big ones as there existed no legislation to regulate them. The nation had always maintained a laissez-faire philosophy when dealing with the business and was having difficulty in doing otherwise. Likewise businesses were not cooperative as they did not see any reason for changing the hands-off policy America had been founded on. America had never seen industrialized labor before either. Everything had always been done on the farm, for a couple of peop le, not a couple hundred. The government in general had always had very hands off... ...tself. In all however, it was these many changes, as different and as spread out as they were, that define an era filled with change, changing lifestyle, changing family structure, a changing workplace, changing businesses, and changing cities. People had no choice but to confront these changes with changes of their own. Was there a typical type of person who confronted this change? No it takes all kinds and the progressive era was no exception. In fact, what made the progressive era so effective was the myriad of people who define it. The many ideas and concepts possessed by reformers of the country came together to meet political corruption, big business, and labor disputes head on.. All these issues were handled in different ways, with different philosophies, but they were handled nonetheless. How can the progressive era not be seen as a historical concept? A concept is not a strict or rigid idea, it is just that, a concept, a loose idea under which many similar ones may fall, for when it was all said and done, reforms were made, and more changes took place, until America’s people had somehow responded to all the changes that have helped shaped it into the nation it is today.

Proposed Vibration Monitoring And Analysis Engineering Essay

Vibration is a broad capable country that has continued to pull research over the old ages because of its import in about every aspect of daily life. From aircraft patterning to constructing design in temblor prone parts of the universe ; from plus status monitoring in assorted industrial workss to wheel reconciliation and alliance at the local auto garage, an application of the cognition of quiver rules can be observed. The quiver of an object can merely be referred to as the oscillating motion of that object about a average equilibrium place. The gesture is brought approximately by the application of some force or excitement. Common illustrations of this phenomenon include the gesture of plucked guitar strings, the gesture of tuning forks, and the shaking felt at the station floor when a train base on ballss, the agitating observed on the route when a heavy truck base on ballss or the rattle of the route workers ‘ impact cock. Some quiver nevertheless is non every bit pronounced as the illustrations given. For case houses and Bridgess vibrate every bit good. Normally, these quivers can non be detected by simply looking. When the excitement is big plenty, the vibrational gesture can be seen and this would likely ensue in the prostration of the construction. From the foregoing, it can be seen that some quiver is utile while some is destructive. The failure or devastation brought about by quiver is non an immediate 1. Vibration finally leads to a fatigue failure and this should be of involvement to the operators and upholders of works equipment. For the care applied scientist or plus direction practician, these facts about quiver can be translated to intelligent and informed determinations for industrial workss. With legion different devices, quiver degrees on works equipment can be detected, measured and recorded. It is possible to analyze the informations collected to find the status of an plus and even predict an at hand failure. All revolving or stationary works equipment have acceptable quiver degrees stipulated by criterions such as the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) Codes or developed in-house by Vibration Monitoring Engineers. A divergence from the acceptable quiver degrees is an indicant of the oncoming of impairment which is unwanted. This cognition gives insight into the existent status of a piece of equipment, eliminates guessing and enables the care applied scientist to be after a fitting response to the plus ‘s impairment. Such control and planning can take to a immense economy in care costs, prevent unneeded downtime, better safety and public presentation for any plus. Furthermore, quiver monitoring and analysis incorporates some advanced techniques for the find of the root cause of frequent machinery failures. Using these techniques can intend the difference between changeless dislocations and good plus handiness. It is the aim of this study to supply a clear cut proposal as to how to work out the job of the frequent failures of the Yoho High Pressure ( H.P. ) Flare Scrubber Pumps by the application of these advanced quiver analysis techniques and besides supply a method for supervising the status of the pump to pre-empt any impairment that can jump surprises. This will guarantee a decrease in present care costs and relieve the work load of care forces whose clip is tied up with the attention of these pumps. Case Study and job Description The Yoho H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps are perpendicular, turbine, submerged pumps that transfer cured liquids from the Flare Scrubber vas to the chief petroleum oil production heading on the Yoho offshore oil and gas installing. The pumps are submerged in barrels that receive provender from the H.P. scrubber vas by gravitation. The cured liquid is a mixture of H2O and light petroleum oil. There are three pumps on skid and these pumps are critical to works operations. One pumps runs at a clip and an extra pump or the other two pumps can be put in service, if the demand arise due to an increasing degree of liquid in the H.P. Flare Scrubber. In the event of an outage of all three pumps, the works could lose production to the melody of one hundred 1000 barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours ( 4100 barrels/hour ) . The pumps were commissioned in 2006 at works start-up and hold had legion failures since. They have proven undependable and soon a contractor ‘s pumps ( which are portable and of a different design ) , are relied upon to execute their map. There have been occasions when all three pumps are in a province of disrepair. These pumps normally run swimmingly for a piece and so go noisy, vibrate and eventually neglect. After a pump fails, it is taken out of the hole, sent to the shore-base for fix, sent back to the platform for reinstallation and so reinstalled. Probes of the legion failure instances reveal that the pump bearings, riser line drives and bushings have worn out given room for shaft drama, impeller harm and mechanical seal failure. Installation, fix and rebuild processs have been scrutinized and checked for quality. This has non yielded any dividends nevertheless, as the pumps maintain neglecting after two or three months in service. Fig. 1. overleaf shows a cut-away subdivision of the pumps. The diagram is supplied by the makers but is simplified as the existent H.P. Flare Scrubber pump has six impellers, a top column of 11inches length, two intermediate columns of 30 inches length, a bottom column of 30 inches length, and a pump bowl assembly of 36.25 inches length. The length of the pumps makes it hard for remotion and installing and as such care practicians, works operators and works direction have been invariably distressed by the frequent failure of these pumps. Fig. 1. Gould Pump Model VIC-T ( beginning ITT-Gould Product catalogue, [ online ] www.gouldspumps.com/pump_VIC.html [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Pump Specification Manufacturer: ITT-Gould Head shaft Length: 129 Inchs Head shaft Diameter: 1 Inch Seal Method: Mechanical Sealing wax Drive: 40 HP Electric Motor Differential Pressure: 200 Pounds per square inch Capacity: 180 Gallons per Minute Revolutions per minute: 3000 Impeller: 5 Weathervanes, Enclosed Failure and Maintenance History The tabular array below shows the failures and some care activities performed on the three H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps over a biennial period. The rows 69, 71, 72, 90,91,97,98,102,103 and 110 show times when none of the three pumps were operational. The cost of this inaccessibility of the pumps is multiplex. It ranges from the loss of production of about one hundred 1000 barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours, to punishments for non-compliance with environmental ordinances and most significantly, safety.Signal-to-noise ratioDateEVENT/ACTIVITYEQUIPMENT TAGNO. OF PUMPS AVAILABLECOMMENTS/ FINDINGS1 11-Jan-06 HP Flare Scrubber Pump B Auto Operation job YP-G-180 3A2 12-Jan-06 Trouble-shooting of LSLL-6207 on HP Flare Scrubber YP-G-180 3A3 1-Mar-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A and B YP-G-180A/B 3A411-Mar-06Pumps Operation StartedYP-G-180A/B /CAEarliest recorded day of the month of petroleum and produced H2O motion with YP installations5 5-Jun-06 Test-run HP Flare Scrubber Pump C with quiver group, QIT to find cause of inordinate quiver YP-G-180C 3 Expecting consequence 6 7-Jun-06 Investigating cause of inordinate quiver on HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 3 Vibration traced to damaged Mech. Sealing wax 7 9-Jun-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fixs YP-G-180C 2A8 9-Jun-06 Unblocked strainers on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A9 12-Jun-06 Rectified hapless discharge and noisy operation on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A10 19-Jun-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180AAA11 3-Jul-06 Completed installing of HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 3A12 4-Jul-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for fixs in QIT YP-G-180B 2A13 15-Jul-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A14 12-Aug-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A15 24-Aug-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; C suction strainer YP-G-180A/C 2A16 27-Aug-06 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 1A17 30-Aug-06 Rigged in HP Flare Scrubber Pump B after QIT fixs YP-G-180B 2A18 2-Sep-06 Removed shaft matching on HP Flare Scrubber pump B, removed motor and installed motor from pump Angstrom YP-G-180A/B 2 Electricians look intoing high electromotive force on motor 19 3-Sep-06 Transfer motor, pump and all associated parts from YP-G-180B to G-180A YP-G-180A/B 1A20 4-Sep-06 Installed pump caput, motor and shaft hub on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 1A21 5-Sep-06 Carried out matching runout cheques, impeller lift ( Reinstallation ) on pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A22 8-Sep-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 2A23 11-Sep-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A24 29-Oct-06 Bleed off gas from HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction and discharge line YP-G-180C 2A25 12-Nov-06 Replacement of Mech. Seal on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A26 13-Nov-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fixs in QIT YP-G-180C 1A27 28-Nov-06 Reinstallation of Pump C YP-G-180C 1A28 2-Dec-06 Completed installing of HP Flare Scrubber Pump C and test-ran it. YP-G-180C 2A29 21-Dec-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A and C YP-G-180A/C 2A30 6-Feb-07 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2A31 7-Feb-07 Continued installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2 Expecting Mech. Sealing wax 32 24-Apr-07 Installation of Mech. Seal on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A33 25-Apr-07 Completed Mech. Seal Installation of Pump B YP-G-180B 3A34 28-Apr-07 Troubleshoot overload trip mistake on Pump B YP-G-180B 3A35 30-Apr-07 Rechecked alliance of Bump B YP-G-180B 3A36 1-May-07 Rectified overload trip on Pump B- cleaned recess strainer YP-G-180B 3 Discharge line was filled with sand and sludge 37 14-May-07 Mech. Seal replacing on Pump C YP-G-180C 2 Shaft worn around Mech Seal 38 15-May-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fix at QIT YP-G-180C 2A39 27-May-07 Troubleshoot high quiver on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A40 30-May-07 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for fixs in QIT YP-G-180B 1A41 1-Jun-07 Assessed stuffs for stiff valves associated with pumps YP-G-180A/B /C 1A42 3-Jun-07 Reinstallation of Pump C YP-G-180C 1A43 6-Jun-07 Completed Pump C Installation YP-G-180C 2A44 7-Jul-07 Reinstallation of Pump B YP-G-180B 2A45 10-Jul-07 Completed Pump B Installation YP-G-180B 3A46 13-Jul-07 Troubleshoot frequent tripping of Pump B YP-G-180B 3 Electric motor job. This was fixed 47 21-Jul-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 2A48 22-Jul-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and installed in A barrel YP-G-180A/B 1 Pump B becomes Pump A 49 23-Jul-07 Alliance and commissioning of Pump A YP-G-180A 2A50 26-Jul-07 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; C suction strainers YP-G-180A/C 2A51 10-Aug-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 1A52 17-Aug-07 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A53 18-Aug-07 Continued installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A54 22-Aug-07 Alliance and commissioning of Pump A YP-G-180A 2A55 11-Sep-07 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 2A56 17-Oct-07 Removal and resettlement of Pump A to Pump B barrel YP-G-180A/B 2 Pump A becomes B 57 21-Oct-07 Investigate low discharge force per unit area on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A58 22-Oct-07 Replacement of Mech. Seal on Pump C YP-G-180C 2A59 23-Oct-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180B 1A60 24-Oct-07 Rigged out Pump A barrel for leak fixs by FMS YP-G-180A 1A61 25-Oct-07 Rigged in Pump A barrel after leak fixs by FMS YP-G-180A 1A62 28-Oct-07 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A63 29-Oct-07 Completed installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A64 31-Oct-07 Remove stiff hub from Pump B Motor YP-G-180B 2A65 3-Nov-07 Remove Motor to W/Shop to bore and tap broken bolts of Motor Fan CoverA2A66 29-Dec-07 Remove damaged pump C and commenced installing of refurbished pump YP-G-180C 1A67 30-Dec-07 Rig out Pump C due to miss of keyway on shaft YP-G-180C 1A68 1-Jan-08 Transferred bad pump to lading bay for QIT W/ShopA1A69 8-Jan-08 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump A for fix in QIT YP-G-180A 0A70 9-Jan-08 Installed Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 1A71 10-Jan-08 Removal of Pump A YP-G-180A 0 Pump stiff. 72 12-Jan-08 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 0A73 13-Jan-08 Completed installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A74 27-Jan-08 Rigged in Pump B and commissioned same YP-G-180B 2A75 4-Mar-08 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A76 13-Apr-08 Removal and resettlement of Pump A to Pump C barrel YP-G-180A/C 1 Pump A barrel leaking petroleum from cut bleed line. Pump A becomes C 77 14-Apr-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A78 15-Apr-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A79 17-Apr-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180B 1A80AAAAA81 18-Apr-08 Removal of dust from Pump barrel YP-G-180B 1A82 21-Apr-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A83 22-Apr-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2A84 9-May-08 Commenced set uping out Pump C YP-G-180C 1A85 10-May-08 Completed set uping out Pump C YP-G-180C 1A86 17-May-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A87 18-May-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A88 20-May-08 Rectified failure to raise on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A89 23-May-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 1A90 26-May-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for QIT fixs YP-G-180C 0A91 27-May-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 0A92 28-May-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A93 13-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A94 14-Jun-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A95 17-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 1A96 17-Jun-08 Troubleshoot failure to raise on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A97 18-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for QIT fixs YP-G-180C 0A98 20-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 0A99 21-Jun-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A100 22-Jun-08 Reconfirmed Pump B alliance YP-G-180B 1A101 24-Jun-08 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump B YP-G-180B 1A102 26-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 0A103 30-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump B on freshly designed base YP-G-180C 0 FMS welding / design inaccurate. Pump pulled out to C-Barrel 104 1-Jul-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A105 5-Jul-08 Swapped Barrel B to ‘A ‘ Position YP-G-180A 1A106 11-Jul-08 Investigated unusual noise on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A107 22-Jul-08 Worked with FMS to measure alteration of Pump bases YP-G-180A/B /CAA108 26-Jul-08 Installed pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A109 29-Jul-08 Removed pump C YP-G-180C 1A110 31-Jul-08 Commence remotion of Pump A YP-G-180A 0AFig.2. Failure and Maintenance Summary for H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps, YP Literature Review Graham and Nurcombe ( 2003 ) , observed that many perpendicular submergible pump failures happen instead out of the blue, without due warning and rough economic climes and competition has become an inducement for equipment operators to want to acquire the best service out of their equipment. This translates to higher life anticipation with works equipment and as such status supervising engineerings such as Vibration, Lubricant and Exhaust gas analyses have become really popular to forestall unwanted and unplanned machinery outages. Of the afore-mentioned techniques, Vibration analysis they say, is likely the most of import because of its proved efficaciousness and global credence in many industries. In a instance history of submergible pumps at Saudi Aramco, they highlighted the demand to cognize the status of the pump internals which were submerged in liquid and are normally without status monitoring. ISO codes specify that bearings be monitored but this is non straight done for submerged pumps because the bearings are usually unaccessible. Alternatively, ISO allows measurings to be taken from the accessible parts of the machine i.e. from the Electric motor and the downside of this is that plentifulness of quiver information gets losing or attenuated. A batch of the mistakes associated with perpendicular submergible pumps nevertheless arise from those unaccessible places e.g. cavitation, flow induced quiver etc. , and as such supervising the status of the submersed parts straight provides a valuable beginning of information for predictive and diagnostic steps that can do large cost nest eggs for equipment operators. They have developed and tested transducers and quiver monitoring equipment which can be used to straight acquire information from the submerged pump parts. It is non plenty merely to supervise the quiver status of these pumps nevertheless. The job at manus is that of the frequent failures of the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps from the very clip they were commissioned. Installing the submergible quiver monitoring devices would decidedly assist to foretell the failures but would make nil to place the implicit in cause of the frequent failures. So, the failures might be predicted but would go on often however. The root-cause of these failures demands to be identified so that a permanent solution can be developed. Vibration analysis besides makes this possible. Sinha ( 2008 ) shows that site installing of machines has effects on their quiver and dynamic features, even when they are good designed. He points to the fact that many freshly installed machines vibrate severely and neglect often merely as has been described in the debut and in the care history of the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps. Hence it is of import to decide any machine installing jobs if equipment handiness is desired. A quiver analysis and dynamic word picture technique known as Modal Testing can be used to uncover the natural frequences of the machine installing assembly and the operating velocity checked to see if near to any of the natural frequences. Operating machines at velocities at or shut to structural natural frequences brings about resonance which is seen as inordinate quiver. This trial makes it possible to place the right places on the construction to use stiffening in order to cut down quiver by modifying the structural natural frequences. He gave some illustration s were these had been done successfully to extinguish frequent machinery failures. DeMatteo ( 2001 ) presents a instance survey of how the quiver analysis methods of Modal Testing and Operating Deflection Shape have been used to work out the job of inordinate quiver on perpendicular pumps which are similar to the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps. A common yet enfeebling mistake for these pumps is cavitation. A mentioned earlier, it occurs at the submersed parts of this pump where there is no status monitoring as of the present. Cavitation is a phenomenon that takes topographic point in these kinds of pumps when the impact of a fall ining vapor of the fluid been pumped causes harm to the impellers and other pump internals. Vapour-bubbles can be formed within the wired fluid at low force per unit area pump internals as a consequence or restricted suction, fluctuating liquid degrees of the H.P. Flare Scrubber vas etc. When these bubbles move on to higher force per unit area countries within the pump, they collapse and cause harm to the pump. Wilcoxon Research says that, â€Å" The prostration of the bubbles is a violent procedure that creates an impacting action inside the pump. This impact will excite high frequence resonances in the pump construction. † For this ground, they advocate the usage of quiver detectors in pum ps. Cernetic ( 2009 ) says in the same vena, that quiver signals should be used to observe cavitation at the early phases of development since this phenomenon causes pump harm and a decrease in efficiency. From the foregoing, the instance for forestalling failures is being made and the demand for Condition Based Maintenance ( CBM ) emphasised. Prickett and Eavery ( 1991 ) compared preventative care and Breakdown care with CBM. CBM is shown to be cheaper and as such is required for the H.P. Flare Scrubbers if concern profitableness and equipment handiness are desired. Overview of Proposed Vibration Monitoring and Analysis Based Solution to Frequent Failures First and first, it must be ascertained that the site installing of the three pumps is non doing any quiver jobs. The Vibration analysis techniques of Modal Testing and Operating Deflection Shape are proposed for usage to find the root-cause of the frequent failures. Modal proving on the one manus would demo structural natural frequences, node points and manner forms for the three pumps. The manner form is the warp of the construction at any natural frequence. This information would assist to find: if operating velocity is perilously close to the structural natural frequences, the dynamic feature of the construction and the points of least or no warp on the construction ( nodes ) – where supports or stiffening may be added in order to relieve quiver degrees. The Impact cock method shall be used to transport this trial out, in situ. The Operating Deflection Shape ( ODS ) on the other manus, would as the name implies show the warp of each pump construction at the operating frequence of 50Hz ( 3000RPM ) . In other words, the ODS would demo the consequence of the operating velocity on assorted parts of the construction and it can be seen if points on the construction vibrate in stage or non. Should parts of a construction non travel in stage with the other parts, destructive burden can happen which can give rise to frequent failures. Transporting out these trials as mentioned above would place jobs with the installing. Solving the installing jobs would extinguish the frequent failures. The solution as mentioned earlier, normally involves the application of supports in identified places or the stiffening of bing supports. After the installing jobs are taken attention of, it is proposed that for good mounted quiver detectors are put in topographic point. For the open parts of the pump assembly i.e. the electric motor, it is proposed that two accelerometers be mounted at each of the antifriction bearing lodging countries. The accelerometers would be stud mounted at each bearing lodging at right angles apart. Having these accelerometers installed in add-on to the analysis of the generated signals would do it possible to observe bearing mistakes at their incipient phases, such that something could be done to forestall a more dearly-won harm to the whole pump assembly. As for the submersed parts of the pump, i.e. the journal bearings, the shaft, the impeller/bowl assembly, the Bently Nevada designed submergible propinquity investigations are proposed for usage to supervise the quiver and give diagnostic and prognostic capablenesss for such mistakes as cavitation, impeller harm, weariness shaft cleft, instability etc. , which are the common mistakes of machinery such as these and can merely be detected by submersed detectors. Understanding what goes on in the pump hole is critical to maintaining the pump healthy. For case cavitation can be detected on clip with these investigations, procedure conditions changed and the dependability of the pumps maintained. The quiver information collected by these detectors would be analysed and used to do quality determinations sing the needed care responses. Analysis techniques would include frequence spectrum analysis, envelope analysis, polar secret plans, orbit secret plans etc. This three prong attack is strongly believed to extinguish the frequent failures, cut down the overall care costs and assist in guaranting the handiness of the three H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps. The techniques shall be expounded in more item within this study and all the necessary tools and quiver signal processing methods shall be specified. In-Situ Modal Testing for the Pumps This quiver trial is to uncover any jobs with the installing of the pumps which might be responsible for the frequent failures experienced within the past few old ages. In this trial, the natural frequences, manner form and nodes will be determined for each pump construction. An instrumented cock would be used to provide impact or energy to each construction at a known frequence and responses measured. When there is resonance, elaboration would be seen in the response spectrum. A Frequency Response Function ( FRF ) is obtained utilizing the force and the response spectra. The response can be represented as: FRF= = A + J B Where A= Real Part, B= Imaginary Part and Phase = At Resonance, the exciting frequence from impact cock = Natural Frequency of Pump Structure. A 0, B gives the Mode Shape, and Phase 90A ° The computations are performed and graphs displayed by the FFT ( Fast Fourier Transformation ) Analyzer as shown below. Fig. 3. Time sphere and frequence sphere signals. ( Beginning: M14 Lecture Notes, 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The FRF shows frequence extremums which may or may non be structural natural frequences. However, for the structural natural frequences, the relationships shown supra would all use. The existent portion of the curve ( A ) would go through through nothing and the stage would alter by 90A ° . The fanciful portion of the FRF gives the manner form. So, the needed equipment for the unmoved average testing of the pump constructions are as follows: Some accelerometers positioned along points on a pump construction ( accelerometers can be secured by magnetic agencies ) An instrumented cock An FFT Analyzer Cable connexions for cock and accelerometers to analyzer Post Processing Software. The diagram below shows the layout for the trial. The instrumented cock is used to excite the pump construction and the responses taken from the measuring points and analysed to give all the information required i.e. manner form, nodes and natural frequences. Fig.4. Schematic of Vertical Pump Impact Test Fig. 5. Impact Test and Modal parametric quantities ( beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) Fig.6. Mode shapes from Imaginary Part of FRF ( beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) Fig.7. Example of manner form obtained from pump modal proving. ( Beginning: Sinha J.K. , ( 2008 ) , â€Å" Vibration-based Diagnosis Techniques Used in Nuclear Power Plants: An Overview of Experiences † , Nuclear Engineering and Design, Elsevier B.V. , Volume 238, Issue 9, pp. 2439-2452. From the attendant manner forms and ascertained natural frequences, penetration can be obtained as to the exact places for stiffening application or mass remotion in order to alter the natural frequences. Experience has shown that resonance in these kind of instances is due to the intimacy of the operating velocity ( runing frequence or 1x ) or multiples thereof, to one or more structural natural frequences. For the pump described in fig.7. above, the job was solved welding a thick home base to the stool in order to stiffen it and by put ining extra u-bolts on the discharge line. Operating Deflection Shape The Operating Deflection Shape ( ODS ) merely shows how much the pump construction is traveling at a peculiar frequence ( most significantly, the normal runing velocity ) and how much difference there is in stage between different points of the pump construction as it operates. The set-up is merely as was used for the average testing. The difference nevertheless, is that the instrumented cock is non used to excite the construction. Alternatively the machine would be run at its normal operating velocity and quiver informations collected from the accelerometers is fed to the multi-channel analyser. The end product from the analyser is so fed into the computing machine which would hold installed specializer package for ODS show. The show would demo the existent quiver form of the construction. It would be clearly seen, if the pump construction is flexing, if parts are traveling out of stage with one another etc. It would be seen if any status exists which contributes to frequent failures. Fig.8. Example of Software Animation of ODS FRF informations. ( Beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) It is proposed that both Modal Testing and ODS analysis be carried out by contractors who are specializers in the country of survey and have a proved path record of success. Proposed Permanently Mounted Vibration-based Condition Monitoring System Fig.9. Set-up of Proposed Permanently mounted quiver monitoring system for the H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps ( Influenced by Fig.5. , Graham K.M. and Nurcombe B. , ( 2003 ) , â€Å" Vertical Water Pumps- What ‘s Happening Down The Hole † , Orbit Magazine, 1Q 2003, pp. 4-9 ) Fig. 10. Orthogonally mounted propinquity investigations [ on-line ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The proposed for good mounted quiver monitoring and analysis system for each pump would hold the followers: Four Bently Nevada 330400 Accelerometers mounted as shown on the diagram Four 3300XL 8mm submerged Proximity Probes mounted in Custom Housings ( two each for two different journal places along shaft length ) A Bently Nevada 1900/65 General Condition Equipment Monitor A tacho-sensor for shaft place mention ( from any reputable manufacturer- Bently Nevada, SKF, Endevco ) and, A laptop with the Bently Nevada System 1 version 6.5 Diagnostic package installed for the analysis of information collected by any of the proctors. The accelerometers would be used to mensurate the quiver degrees of the anti-friction bearings on the pumps ‘ electric motors while the submersed propinquity investigations would mensurate shaft quiver, within the impeller shell and intermediate columns. All the transducer information would be collected by the 1900/65 proctor for each equipment. The proctors are designed for uninterrupted monitoring and readouts from them can be checked from clip to clip by dedicated forces or works operators. Besides, these proctors have the capableness of being tied into bing works control systems such that quiver warning degrees and danger bounds for each pump can be announced in control suites via hearable dismaies or visible radiations when these degrees are breached. Additionally, there is the capableness to configure trips and closures in the instance of high quiver degrees occasioned by mistakes such as cavitation. The proctors can be installed near to the equipment in sheltered enclosures, utilizing a short overseas telegram tally. The System 1 package is capable of advanced quiver analysis through the usage of shows such as Bode Plots, Spectral shows, Polar secret plans, Envelope analysis, etc. It is besides capable of informations acquisition and storage which makes swerving possible. Detailed specifications for the assorted equipment are supplied in the appendix. Signal Conditioning and Processing As is good known, the end product from the accelerometers and propinquity investigations are linear and clip sphere signals. These have to be converted to digital end products and frequence sphere signatures for mistake diagnosing to be carried out. This is achieved by the Fast Fourier Transformation ( FFT ) algorithm. Analyzing the frequences shown in a spectrum is indispensable for understanding implicit in machinery mistakes, as certain mistakes have distinguishable frequence features. For case, pump revolving velocity would be shown in the frequence spectrum and mistakes on the shaft could be presented as multiples of revolving frequence. The Bently Nevada 1900/65 proctor and System 1 package facilitate this. Fig. 11. Time sphere and frequence sphere signals. ( Beginning: M04 Lecture Notes, 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The quiver measuring devices have been chosen carefully to understate the noise and unwanted intervention to measuring signals. The Bently Nevada 1900/65 has the capableness for low base on balls filtering and high base on balls filtering and these can be configured to accommodate user demands. This helps to extinguish the aliasing consequence and other instrument related noise. ( See merchandise specification sheet in appendix for inside informations ) . There is besides the capableness for envelope analysis by the usage of criterion or enhanced demodulation. This is supported by proctor and analysis package and is peculiarly utile for the early sensing of mistakes on the electric motor anti-friction bearings. Diagnosis Software Display Plots and Uses The following show some of the show plots that can be generated by the diagnostic package: Bode Performance map Rotor stator profile Rotor form Hydro air spread Phasor Histogram Octave Casacade/Full Casacade Current values Bar graph Machine train diagram Alarm/System event list Trend / Multivariable tendency Tabular list Time base ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Orbit / Time base ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Orbit ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Shaft mean center line Spectrum / Full spectrum ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Ten vs. Y Waterfall / Full waterfall Polar/Acceptance part Of the list above, accents would be placed on the Bode, Polar, Orbit, Shaft mean centreline and Waterfall secret plans. These secret plans can be used during normal and transeunt machine conditions to expose the normally experient mistakes. The Bode secret plan is really utile in placing the critical velocity ( natural frequence ) of a machine, as it shows the quiver behavior of the said machine during start-up or shut-down ( transeunt conditions ) . Fig. 12. Bode Plot Example. [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/bode_polar_plots/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The polar secret plan gives the amplitude of 1X ( machine RPM or runing frequence ) and its stage difference from the mention place. The amplitude and stage behaviors can be interpreted to existent equipment wellness or defect. Fig. 13. Polar Plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/bode_polar_plots/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Orbit secret plan hints out how the shaft is revolving within the bearing. This tells how much clearance exists between shaft and bearing wall. This information is priceless as it can be used to find bearing load alterations and the oncoming of bearing wear. Fig. 14. Orbit Plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Shaft centreline secret plan is used in much the same manner as the orbit secret plan in that it can be used to state how much wear has happened within a bearing. The secret plan checks the concentricity or eccentricity of shaft running within a diary bearing, as the name implies. Fig. 15. Shaft Centerline secret plan illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Waterfall secret plan is utile during the transeunt machine operations. It shows how frequency constituents such as 1X, 2X, 3X etc alteration with clip or any other variable. The information obtained can be used to do good judgements as to existent machine conditions. Fig. 16. Waterfall plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //integratedpro.com/content/ ? p=1114 [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Diagnosis ChartMistakeSteady province CharacteristicTransient State CharacteristicShaft hang-up 0.3 X shown in frequence spectrum, Funny Orbit secret plan forms and discontinuities thereof. Imbalance Merely 1X is seen in frequence spectrum, 1X additions with clip and the Phase angle alterations Bode Plot remains the same, There is no alteration in critical velocity or stage angle when compared with the healthy status. Misalignment ( or Preload in the instance of unstable bearings ) 1X,2X,3X,4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum, Phase angle remains changeless The orbit secret plan will non change with velocity and polar secret plan remains the same. Crack 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum and these continually alteration in amplitude. The stage angle alterations every bit good. There is amplitude and phase alteration of 1X constituent in the polar secret plan, The orbit secret plan alterations from a figure eight form to a cringle incorporating a little cringle. Bend Merely 1X is seen in frequence spectrum, 1X additions with clip and the Phase angle alterations A signal alteration of stage takes topographic point at critical velocity. Mechanical Diarrhea Presence of 0.3X, 0.5X, 1X,1.5X,2x, 2.5X in frequence spectrum Motor Bearing Damage Bearing Characteristic Frequencies would be seen in spectrum Fluid induced instability The presence of 0.45-0.48 X in spectrum when fluid natural frequence is approached by circumferential velocity of fluid, stand foring Oil Whirl. The presence of 0.45-0.48 X in spectrum when fluid natural frequence is approached by circumferential velocity of fluid, stand foring Oil Whirl Oil Whip consequences when Pump System rotor natural frequence peers fluid ‘s. Fig. 17. Diagnosis Chart for common mistakes ( Beginning: Sinha J.K. , M14 Lecture notes 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) Fault Diagnosis Process The overall quiver degrees measuring would be the first phase of protection for the pumps. The ISO recommends the usage of RMS values of speed for overall quiver measuring. Limits for acceptable quiver would be set and configured into the Bently Nevada 1900/65 proctors in footings of Velocity ( RMS ) . These proctors can denote when the bounds have been breached and this would motivate farther probe and trials. These bounds can be obtained from ISO tabular arraies or decided upon in-house by the care applied scientist. The proctor would demo which peculiar detector or detectors has detected a mistake. Furthermore, the proctor and diagnosing package proposed are capable of informations acquisition and storage which make it possible for swerving. The tendencies would be observed hebdomadal and when a set quiver bound is approached, the frequence of review is increased and trials such as the 1s mentioned before can be carried out to determine the mistake type, so a fitting care response can be planned. Fig. 18. Swerving illustration ( beginning: M04 CBM Lecture notes ( 2010 ) , MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The mistake diagnosing chart would be used in concurrence with the FMEA diagram, 1900/65 proctor event logs and assorted applicable show secret plans ( frequence spectrum shows, Bode secret plan, Polar secret plan etc ) to corroborate the exact mistake of the pumps. Pump related frequences would be noted such that when they appear in the frequence spectrum, they can easy be identified. FMEA, Symptoms of identified impairment mechanismsPotential Failure ModePotential Effectss of FailurePotential Failure CausesSymptoms of identified impairment mechanisms1 Antifriction Bearing mistake ( Electric motor ) Bearing Seizure, Misalignment, Damage to motor shaft, Mechanical seal failure. Poor lubrication, Resonance High Frequency Hump seen in Frequency spectrum related to bearing lodging natural frequence 2 Shaft Cracks Shaft Fracture, Loss of pump action Resonance, Manufacturing defects 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum. These addition in amplitude over clip. 3 Cavitation Impeller Damage, Reduced end product, Pump loss. Process disturbances, Gas lock in Pump Barrel Noisy operation, High frequence extremums in spectrum 4 Imbalance Excessive Vibration, B Damage to bearings and Impellers, Pump loss. Wear, Impeller harm 1x constituent in frequence spectrum which increases in amplitude over clip. 5 Journal Bearing Wear Lateral shaft drama, Shaft harm Matching misalignment Noisy operation, Lateral shaft drama, 6 Impeller Damage Reduced end product, Pump loss, Imbalance, Improper assembly, Cavitation, Flow-induced quiver Blade Passing frequence nowadays in frequence spectrum ( 5X,10X etc ) 7 Bent Shaft Bearing harm, High quiver Matching misalignment, Resonance Axial quiver, 1X presence in frequence spectrum 8 Matching Misalignment Resonance, Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Improper assembly, Resonance 1X,2X,3X,4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum 9 Shaft hang-up Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Matching misalignment 0.3X, 0.5X presence in quiver spectrum secret plan 10 Diarrhea Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Resonance, Improper Assembly The presence of 0.5X, 1X, 1.5X, 2X, 2.5X etc in frequence spectrum Fig. 19. FMEA tabular array for pump and motor assembly. Cost and Man-Power Implications of Vibration Monitoring and Analysis Set-up The monetary values given are estimations based on monetary values obtained from assorted cyberspace shopping web sites. They are non unequivocal as Bently Nevada gives monetary values based on different functionality demands and applications worldwide. Item Measure required for all three pumps Unit Price ( $ ) Price ( $ ) Accelerometer, Bently Nevada 330400 12 500 6000 Monitor, Bently Nevada 1900/65 3 2500 7500 Submersible Proximity investigations, Bently Nevada 12 1000 12000 Tacho Sensor, Bently Nevada 3 300 900 Laptop 1 1000 1000 System 1 Diagnostic Software Licence, Bently Nevada 1 20000 20000 Training for quiver applied scientist ( from bing care administration ) 2500Entire Price $ 49,900Fig.20. Cost breakdown of needed equipment for for good mounted quiver monitoring and analysis system. At lease one applied scientist with accomplishments for quiver monitoring and analysis would be required to supervise the whole set-up. He must be trained and competent in the usage of assorted show secret plans, signal processing and conditioning, for mistake designation and sensing. This cognition can besides be used on other critical works equipment such as the gas turbines and the centrifugal gas compressor. The dynamic word picture trials are to be contracted out to see service suppliers with the equal hardware and package for real-time life of vibrational gesture. It is estimated that the cost of this service would be circa $ 100,000. This brings the expansive sum of the proposed quiver programme from the frequent pump failures solution to for good installed status monitoring to about $ 150,000. Benefits and Limits of the proposed Vibration-based Condition Monitoring System The proposed set-up for monitoring and analyzing the quiver from the pumps has rather a figure of benefits. From the concern point of position, it is an investing because it can forestall dearly-won failures. The dollar value of the pumps ‘ failure within the biennial period considered in this study easy exceeds $ 1million when fix costs, trim parts, logistics and man-hours expended are considered. For the care administration, the presence of these vibration-based status monitoring equipment, makes it possible for care to be pro-active instead than reactive. Furthermore, frequent failures are eliminated which give room for better planning and more clip for effectual and efficient care. The cost of the quiver monitoring and analysis equipment can be seen to be a little monetary value to pay for plus handiness, enhanced productiveness and even safety. The restriction to the proposed system is the accomplishment, cognition and competency of the applied scientist or applied scientists who are in charge of the set-up. The signals for any mistake status would ever be picked up by the monitoring equipment. The proper and accurate diagnosing of mistakes and subsequent care determinations made are the remit of the applied scientist ( s ) responsible for the vibration-based status monitoring programme. In add-on, quiver monitoring equipment could neglect and necessitate replacing. Decision A glimpse through the summarised failure and care history of the H.P. flair scrubber pumps for a two twelvemonth period reveals the sum of resources expended on them and their hapless handiness. Clearly so, something new and different from the old attacks should be attempted. This proposed system covers all the grounds- from installing jobs check, procedure vagaries that cause cavitation, to common mistakes experienced by revolving machines such as bearing defects and matching misalignments to advert a few. Besides, the proposed methods are tested and trusted and can lend to nest eggs in care cost, works handiness and safety which are cardinal public presentation indexs for most industrial workss. Appendix i- Bently Nevada 1900/65 Monitor [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix ii- Bently Nevada 330400 Accelerometers [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix iii- Bently Nevada System 1 Diagnostic Software [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix iv- Vibration Severity Limits for Machines Fig. 21. ISO 10816 Vibration Severity Limit Chart Appendix v- Submersible Proximity Probes [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ]